American Society of Anesthesiologists Task Force on Central Venous Access; Rupp SM, Apfelbaum JL, Blitt C, Caplan RA, Connis RT, Domino KB, Fleisher LA, Grant S, Mark JB, Morray JP, Nickinovich DG, Tung A. Practice guidelines for central venous access: a report by the American Society of Anesthesiologists Task Force on Central Venous Access. Anesthesiology. 2012 Mar;116(3):539-73. doi: 10.1097/ALN.0b013e31823c9569. PMID: 22307320.
Wrong population, patients received central katheter
Liu W, Duan Y, Chen M. Author's response to 'Are skin antiseptics for blood culture collection really equal? Commentary on Liu, W., et al., 2016 "Skin antiseptics in venous puncture site disinfection for preventing blood culture contamination: A Bayesian network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials"'. Int J Nurs Stud. 2017 Oct;75:81-82. doi: 10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2017.07.012. Epub 2017 Jul 22. PMID: 28755587.
Wrong studydesign, author's response
Liu W, Duan Y, Cui W, Li L, Wang X, Dai H, You C, Chen M. Skin antiseptics in venous puncture site disinfection for preventing blood culture contamination: A Bayesian network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Int J Nurs Stud. 2016 Jul;59:156-62. doi: 10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2016.04.004. Epub 2016 Apr 25. PMID: 27222460.
Concerns of comparisons between unequal antiseptic agents in meta-analyse
Maiwald M. Are skin antiseptics for blood culture collection really equal? Commentary on Liu, W., et al., 2016 "Skin antiseptics in venous puncture site disinfection for preventing blood culture contamination: A Bayesian network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials". Int J Nurs Stud. 2017 Oct;75:91-92. doi: 10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2017.07.011. Epub 2017 Jul 21. PMID: 28759824.
Wrong studydesign, comment
Maiwald M, Chan ES. The forgotten role of alcohol: a systematic review and meta-analysis of the clinical effectiveness and perceived role of chlorhexidine in skin antisepsis. PLoS One. 2012;7(9):e44277. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0044277. Epub 2012 Sep 5. PMID: 22984485; PMCID: PMC3434203.
Only studies included with comparisons with chlorhexidine antiseptic agents. Three out of four studies regarding blood culture contamination also included in meta-analyse Caldeira (2011), one missing study (Washer) included in our summary of literature.
Calfee DP, Farr BM. Comparison of four antiseptic preparations for skin in the prevention of contamination of percutaneously drawn blood cultures: a randomized trial. J Clin Microbiol. 2002 May;40(5):1660-5. doi: 10.1128/JCM.40.5.1660-1665.2002. PMID: 11980938; PMCID: PMC130950.
Included in SR + meta-analyse Caldeira, 2011
Koivisto VA, Felig P. Is skin preparation necessary before insulin injection? Lancet. 1978 May 20;1(8073):1072-5. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(78)90916-9. PMID: 77369.
Wrong intervention, necessity skin preparation
Little JR, Murray PR, Traynor PS, Spitznagel E. A randomized trial of povidone-iodine compared with iodine tincture for venipuncture site disinfection: effects on rates of blood culture contamination. Am J Med. 1999 Aug;107(2):119-25. doi: 10.1016/s0002-9343(99)00197-7. PMID: 10460041.
Included in SR + meta-analyse Caldeira, 2011
Sachdev S, Sethuraman N, Gautam V, Pahwa D, Kalra A, Sharma RR, Marwaha N, Ray P. Evaluation of the Role of Novel Aprotic Dimethyl Sulfoxide in Cutaneous Antisepsis Protocols Prior to Blood Donor Phlebotomy with Isopropyl Alcohol, Povidone Iodine or Chlorhexidine. Indian J Hematol Blood Transfus. 2018 Jan;34(1):132-137. doi: 10.1007/s12288-017-0816-x. Epub 2017 Apr 20. PMID: 29398812; PMCID: PMC5786613.
Wrong population, blood donors; wrong intervention, evaluation of the role of dimethyl sufloxide; wrong outcome, bacterial load of the disinfected skin
Schifman RB, Pindur A. The effect of skin disinfection materials on reducing blood culture contamination. Am J Clin Pathol. 1993 May;99(5):536-8. doi: 10.1093/ajcp/99.5.536. PMID: 8493946.
Wrong comparison, comparison between disinfection procedures
Sutton CD, White SA, Edwards R, Lewis MH. A prospective controlled trial of the effectiveness of isopropyl alcohol wipes before venesection in surgical patients. Ann R Coll Surg Engl. 1999 May;81(3):183-6. PMID: 10364951; PMCID: PMC2503183.
Wrong population, patients undergoing venesection and intravenous cannulation
Suwanpimolkul G, Pongkumpai M, Suankratay C. A randomized trial of 2% chlorhexidine tincture compared with 10% aqueous povidone-iodine for venipuncture site disinfection: Effects on blood culture contamination rates. J Infect. 2008 May;56(5):354-9. doi: 10.1016/j.jinf.2008.03.001. Epub 2008 Apr 14. PMID: 18407355.
Included in SR + meta-analyse Caldeira, 2011
Trautner BW, Clarridge JE, Darouiche RO. Skin antisepsis kits containing alcohol and chlorhexidine gluconate or tincture of iodine are associated with low rates of blood culture contamination. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2002 Jul;23(7):397-401. doi: 10.1086/502073. PMID: 12138980.
Included in SR + meta-analyse Caldeira, 2011
Breimer L, Geijer H, Berggren L. Desinfektion av injektionsportar – 15 sekunders skrubbning rimligt - En systematisk översikt kring optimal tidsåtgång [Disinfection of injection ports - a systematic overview of optimal scrub-time]. Lakartidningen. 2018 Jun 15;115:E6AL. Swedish. PMID: 29917174.
Wrong language, Swedish; wrong comparison, scrub-time
Richardson D. Vascular Access Nursing Practice, Standards of Care, and Strategies to Prevent Infection: A Review of Skin Cleansing Agents and Dressing Materials (Part I of a 3-Part Series). Journal of the Association for Vascular Access. 2016;11(4):215-221. doi:10.2309/java.11-4-14.
Wrong studydesign, practice, standards, and dressing materials
Webster J, Bell-Syer SE, Foxlee R. Skin preparation with alcohol versus alcohol followed by any antiseptic for preventing bacteraemia or contamination of blood for transfusion. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015 Feb 12;2015(2):CD007948. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD007948.pub3. PMID: 25674776; PMCID: PMC7185566.
Wrong population, blood donors; wrong comparison, one step vs two step method
Casey A, Karpanen T, Nightingale P, Elliott T. An in vitro comparison of microbial ingress into 8 different needleless IV access devices. J Infus Nurs. 2015 Jan-Feb;38(1):18-25. doi: 10.1097/NAN.0000000000000082. PMID: 25545971.
Wrong population, patients received infusion; wrong comparison, comparison between IV access devices
Choudhuri M, McQueen R, Inoue S, Gordon RC. Efficiency of skin sterilization for a venipuncture with the use of commercially available alcohol or iodine pads. Am J Infect Control. 1990 Apr;18(2):82-5. doi: 10.1016/0196-6553(90)90086-8. PMID: 2337259.
Wrong outcome, bacterial load of disinfected skin
DePaola LG, Fried JI. Frequently asked questions. Access. 2008;22(10):11-13
Full-text not available
Ergin E, Zaybak A. Effects of Different Methods Used to Take Blood Samples on Blood Glucose Measurements. Clin Nurs Res. 2022 Jan;31(1):29-38. doi: 10.1177/10547738211024782. Epub 2021 Jul 5. PMID: 34218680.
Wrong comparison, different interventions with or without skin preparation with alcohol; wrong outcome: blood glucose measurents
Ferreira A, Andrade D, Rigotti MA, Guerra OG. Antisepsis in administering injections: need or ritual?. Revista Enfermagem UERJ. 2009;17(1):130-133
Wrong studydesign, narrative review. Full-tekst no available
Franklin L. Skin cleansing and infection control in peripheral venepuncture and cannulation. Nurs Stand. 1999 Oct 13-19;14(4):49-50. doi: 10.7748/ns1999.10.14.4.49.c2695. PMID: 10855178.
Wrong studydesign, narrative review
Lawrence JC. The use of iodine as an antiseptic agent. J Wound Care. 1998 Sep;7(8):421-5. doi: 10.12968/jowc.1998.7.8.421. PMID: 9832752.
Wrong studydesign, narrative review of one antiseptic agent
Salvagno GL, Danese E, Lima-Oliveira G, Guidi GC, Lippi G. Avoidance to wipe alcohol before venipuncture is not a source of spurious hemolysis. Biochem Med (Zagreb). 2013;23(2):201-5. doi: 10.11613/bm.2013.023. PMID: 23894865; PMCID: PMC3900069.
Wrong studydesign, no comparison of antiseptic agents; wrong outcome, spurious hemolysis
[The use of alcohol as a disinfectant of the puncture when measuring capillary glycemia. Does it change the value of glycemia?]
Wrong language, Spanish
Monstrey SJ, Lepelletier D, Simon A, Touati G, Vogt S, Favalli F. Evaluation of the antiseptic activity of 5% alcoholic povidone-iodine solution using four different modes of application: a randomized open-label study. J Hosp Infect. 2022 May;123:67-73. doi: 10.1016/j.jhin.2022.02.020. Epub 2022 Mar 7. PMID: 35271958.
Wrong comparison, four modes of application of one antiseptic agent; wrong outcome, bacterial load of disinfected skin
Meneu Montoliu V, Cerdà Alfonso V, Canós Molinos J, Castaño Linares C, Grifo Mañá B, Monasor Giménez R. El uso del alcohol como desinfectante para la punción en la medición de la glucemia capilar. Altera el valor de la glucemia? [The use of alcohol as a disinfectant of the puncture when measuring capillary glycemia. Does it change the value of glycemia?]. Aten Primaria. 1997 Oct 31;20(7):372-5. Spanish. PMID: 9432219.
Wrong language, Spanish
Ramirez-Arcos S, Goldman M. Skin disinfection methods: prospective evaluation and postimplementation results. Transfusion. 2010 Jan;50(1):59-64. doi: 10.1111/j.1537-2995.2009.02434.x. Epub 2009 Oct 10. PMID: 19821950.
Wrong outcome, bacterial load of disinfected skin
Ruschman KL, Fulton JS. Effectiveness of disinfectant techniques on intravenous tubing latex injection ports. J Intraven Nurs. 1993 Sep-Oct;16(5):304-8. PMID: 8229434.
Wrong population, patients with intravenous catheter; wrong comparison, different disinfectant techniques on latex injection ports
Shavit I, Hadash A, Knaani-Levinz H, Shachor-Meyouhas Y, Kassis I. Lidocaine-based topical anesthetic with disinfectant (LidoDin) versus EMLA for venipuncture: a randomized controlled trial. Clin J Pain. 2009 Oct;25(8):711-4. doi: 10.1097/AJP.0b013e3181a689ec. PMID: 19920722.
Wrong intervention, testing new topical anestheticum containing a disinfection ingredient compared to proven EMLA cream
Wistrand C, Nilsson U. Effects and experiences of warm versus cold skin disinfection. Br J Nurs. 2011 Feb 10-23;20(3):148,150-1. doi: 10.12968/bjon.2011.20.3.148. PMID: 21378634.
Wrong population, patients undergoing surgery; wrong comparison, warm vs cold skin disinfection
Zhou L, Sun W. Influence of two disinfectants on the results of peripheral blood sugar monitoring. Chines Nursing Research. 2002;16(5):260-261.
Wrong outcome, blood sugar results. Full-text not available
Clévenot D, Robert S, Debaene B, Mimoz O. Analyse critique de la littérature sur l'utilisation comparée de deux antiseptiques lors du cathétérisme vasculaire ou rachidien [Critical review of the literature concerning the comparative use of two antiseptic solutions before intravascular or epidural catheterization]. Ann Fr Anesth Reanim. 2003 Nov;22(9):787-97. French. doi: 10.1016/j.annfar.2003.08.001. PMID: 14612166.
Wrong population, patients with intravascular or epidural catheter
Dawson S. Blood culture contaminants. J Hosp Infect. 2014 May;87(1):1-10. doi: 10.1016/j.jhin.2014.02.009. Epub 2014 Mar 26. PMID: 24768211.
Wrong studydesign, narrative review of influencing factors of blood culture contamination
Thom KA, Kleinberg M, Roghmann MC. Infection prevention in the cancer center. Clin Infect Dis. 2013 Aug;57(4):579-85. doi: 10.1093/cid/cit290. Epub 2013 May 7. PMID: 23652528; PMCID: PMC3726067.
Wrong studydesign, narrative review of infection prevention program in cancer center
Abdollahi F, Azizollah A. Comparing the effect of disinfectant solution of 2% chlorhexidine gluconate and 70% alcohol on prevention of phlebitis. Der Pharmacia Lettre. 2016; 8(6):129-134.
Wrong population, patients receiving intravenous injection
Alexander JW, Aerni S, Plettner JP. Development of a safe and effective one-minute preoperative skin preparation. Arch Surg. 1985 Dec;120(12):1357-61. doi: 10.1001/archsurg.1985.01390360023006. PMID: 3904673.
Wrong population, patients undergoing preoperative skin preparation
Balbuena L, Stambaugh KI, Ramirez SG, Yeager C. Effects of topical oral antiseptic rinses on bacterial counts of saliva in healthy human subjects. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 1998 May;118(5):625-9. doi: 10.1177/019459989811800510. PMID: 9591860.
Wrong comparison, differenct topical oral antiseptic; wrong outcome, bacterial load saliva
Bhavsar AR, Googe JM Jr, Stockdale CR, Bressler NM, Brucker AJ, Elman MJ, Glassman AR; Diabetic Retinopathy Clinical Research Network. Risk of endophthalmitis after intravitreal drug injection when topical antibiotics are not required: the diabetic retinopathy clinical research network laser-ranibizumab-triamcinolone clinical trials. Arch Ophthalmol. 2009 Dec;127(12):1581-3. doi: 10.1001/archophthalmol.2009.304. PMID: 20008710; PMCID: PMC2874253.
Wrong population, patients undergoing intravitreal injection
Brownfield K, Peterson M. Emergency Department Observes 83% Reduction in Blood Culture Contamination with Initial Specimen Diversion Technology Adoption. American Journal of Infection Control. 2021;49(6), supplement Page S14. doi:c10.1016/j.ajic.2021.04.052.
Wrong comparison, conventional method (venipuncture and intravenous catheter start) or initial specimen diversion technology (in tandem with venipuncture and intravenous catheter start)
Cardoso S, Pereira L, Souza A, Tipple A, Pereira M, Junqueira A. (2006). Antisepsis through intravenous and intramuscular via for medicine administration. Revista Eletrônica de Enfermagem. 2006; 8(1):75-82.
Wrong intervention, compliance with antisepsis procedures
Jain A, Deshpande P, Yoon EW, Lee KS, McGeer A, Shah V. 2% aqueous vs alcohol-based chlorhexidine for skin antisepsis in VLBW neonates undergoing peripheral venipuncture: a non-inferiority trial. J Perinatol. 2022 May;42(5):636-641. doi: 10.1038/s41372-022-01337-1. Epub 2022 Feb 19. PMID: 35184146.
Wrong population, neonates
Nuntnarumit P, Sangsuksawang N. A randomized controlled trial of 1% aqueous chlorhexidine gluconate compared with 10% povidone-iodine for topical antiseptic in neonates: effects on blood culture contamination rates. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2013 Apr;34(4):430-2. doi: 10.1086/669863. Epub 2013 Feb 14. PMID: 23466918.
Wrong population, neonates
Sarmah D, Sharma B, Sharma D, Mathew S. Alcohol Used as Disinfectant before Venipuncture does not Lead to Sample Haemolysis or Sample Dilution. J Clin Diagn Res. 2016 Feb;10(2):BC16-8. doi: 10.7860/JCDR/2016/15967.7245. Epub 2016 Feb 1. PMID: 27042446; PMCID: PMC4800511.
Wrong comparison, alcohol dry or wet; wrong outcome, sample hemolysis or sample dilution
Smallman L, Burdon DW, Alexander-Williams J. The effect of skin preparation and care on the incidence of superficial thrombophlebitis. Br J Surg. 1980 Dec;67(12):861-2. doi: 10.1002/bjs.1800671208. PMID: 7448509.
Wrong population, patients received infusion
American Society of Anesthesiologists Task Force on Central Venous Access; Rupp SM, Apfelbaum JL, Blitt C, Caplan RA, Connis RT, Domino KB, Fleisher LA, Grant S, Mark JB, Morray JP, Nickinovich DG, Tung A. Practice guidelines for central venous access: a report by the American Society of Anesthesiologists Task Force on Central Venous Access. Anesthesiology. 2012 Mar;116(3):539-73. doi: 10.1097/ALN.0b013e31823c9569. PMID: 22307320.
Wrong population, patients received central katheter
Liu W, Duan Y, Chen M. Author's response to 'Are skin antiseptics for blood culture collection really equal? Commentary on Liu, W., et al., 2016 "Skin antiseptics in venous puncture site disinfection for preventing blood culture contamination: A Bayesian network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials"'. Int J Nurs Stud. 2017 Oct;75:81-82. doi: 10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2017.07.012. Epub 2017 Jul 22. PMID: 28755587.
Wrong studydesign, author's response
Liu W, Duan Y, Cui W, Li L, Wang X, Dai H, You C, Chen M. Skin antiseptics in venous puncture site disinfection for preventing blood culture contamination: A Bayesian network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Int J Nurs Stud. 2016 Jul;59:156-62. doi: 10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2016.04.004. Epub 2016 Apr 25. PMID: 27222460.
Concerns of comparisons between unequal antiseptic agents in meta-analyse
